فلزات سنگین از مناسب ترین شاخص ها برای بررسی آلودگی منابع خاک و آب هستند و به دلیل پایداری درازمدت در محیط زیست می باشند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی آلودگی فلزات سنگین در خاک کاربری های جنگل، مرتع، کشاورزی و مسکونی در آبخیز واز است. سپس با استفاده از نتایج غلظت فلزات کروم، منگنز، آهن، نیکل، مس، روی، آرسنیک، کادمیم، جیوه و سرب و با استفاده از شاخص های عامل آلودگی، درجه آلودگی، درجه آلودگی اصلاح شده، زمین انباشت، شاخص غنی سازی و خطر اکولوژیک کیفیت رسوب در کاربری های مختلف بررسی شد. نتایج نشان داد که کاربری شهری هم از نظر عامل آلودگی و هم از نظر شاخص تجمع زمینی دارای بیش ترین مقدار است و کاربری های کشاورزی، جنگل و مرتع به ترتیب در رتبه های بعدی قرار دارند. از نظر درجه آلودگی کاربری مرتع آلودگی بسیار کم، کاربری های جنگل و کشاورزی آلودگی متوسط دارند و کاربری مسکونی دارای آلودگی زیاد است. از طرفی شاخص درجه آلودگی اصلاح شده نشان داد که کاربری جنگل، مرتع و کشاورزی دارای آلودگی بسیار کم و کاربری مسکونی دارای آلودگی کم است. در حوزه آبخیز واز کاربری مرتع و تا حد زیادی کاربری جنگل از نظر شاخص های آلودگی دارای مقادیر پایینی بودند اما به دلیل حضور دام در مراتع این منطقه و همچنین توریستی بودن جنگل های این حوضه احتمال آلوده شدن خاک این کاربری ها در آینده وجود دارد. با توجه به اینکه این حوضه یکی از ورودی های دریای خزر در شمال کشور است، بنابراین نیاز است که اقدامات حفاظتی لازم برای منابع آب و خاک در حوضه مورد نظر انجام گردد.

Regional forest management and executing the related plans are directly associated with quality and quantity of planning and forest road network construction to access all forest areas. Construction of forest road is the most important manipulation occurred in the nature by human. Most of damages by forest roads construction are directly related to soil properties forming bed road. The recognition of these properties has a critical role in choosing the ground as one of the materials. In study area more than 18 kilometers of roads have been planned that should be accomplished by the end of rotation. The objective of this study was to evaluate mechanical properties of soil in order to use them in road construction and maintenance stages. Therefore 24 soil samples were selected using land unit map. With regard to result of pretests 13 zones with similar properties were divided. According to soil zonation map, 13 samples were taken using GPS and experiments were carried out in geotechnic lab. Classification of the soils carried out using the above experiments according to USCS method. Results show only two samples of all samples (16%) are coarse soil (SM, GM) and the others (81%) are fine soil (CH, CL, ML). 61% of fine soil have clay fine soil. Hence, in the parts of the road which have Liquidity Index more than one soils have to be drained before road construction and the parts that soils have high Plasticity Index have to stabilize Bed road with lime or using Geotextile for that do. For decreasing costs of road construction and maintenance. Routes have to across from areas that are stable. Reaching to this aim needs to survey soil mechanic properties map.

The aim of this research is to evaluate current uses of forest (animal husbandry and wood harvesting) in district no.11 of Shafaroud forest with an area of 2200 ha in Gilan province. Factors including stumpage price, annual growth rate and rate of interest were used to determine the net present value of timber harvesting. Furthermore, price, animal husbandry costs and rate of interest were applied to determine the net present value of animal husbandry in forest. Economic analysis revealed the net present value of 30105809 IRR per hectare gained by wood harvesting and animal husbandry in forest, with 92.7% and 7.3%, proportions of forestry and animal husbandry, respectively. In other words, net present value of animal husbandry is about 12.7% lower than forestry. The results of this study showed that the present forestry practice in the study area enables the timber production management. In order to manage the forest based on sustainability and meet the forest dwellers needs, forest management is suggested to be planned toward the social forestry.

The effects of agronomic, orchard and forest land uses on soil enzymes, activities were evaluated in West Azarbaijan. About 75 soil surface samples were collected from the different studied land use area in which soil enzyme activities including Acid Phosphatase (ACP), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), urease and dehydrogenase were assessed employing substrate-reaction methods. Results revealed that ALP and ACP activities in the forest type land use (344.3 and 582.3 µg pNP/g.h, respectively) amounted to higher than in orchard ones, followed by agronomic land uses. However, urease enzyme in agronomic type land use (84.4µg NH4+-N/g.2h) showed higher activity uses which can be resulted from high urea application on the agronomic farms. Dehydrogenase activity in the forest (7.2 µg TPF/g.24h) was significantly higher than that in the agronomic land use. Assessment of soil quality index (SQI) showed ACP and dehydrogenase, OC, pH, available phosphorous as MDS had the highest effect on the studied soils, quality among the evaluated properties. SQI in forest land use (1.92) was significantly higher than that in orchard (1.71) and agronomic (1.41) land uses. It is understood that land use exerts high effect on soil enzyme activity and typically in intact ecosystems (forest) soil enzyme activity is high which can be thought as related to sustainability of these ecosystems.

Background and objectives: In land-use planning, after the ecological and socio-economic capabilities of the land are evaluated for the level of the planning units, the prioritization of incompatible land uses and activities in terms of macro socio-economic and Political criteria at the unit level of the study area is also necessary. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of Analytic Network Process (ANP) for prioritizing of incompatible land uses in terms of macro non-ecological criteria (economic, social and politics) and for Multiple-use planning of Zagros forests. Materials and methods: This research was conducted on an area of Zagros forests on the northern slope of the mountain Kabirkouh in Badreh town of Ilam province. Initially, the list of forest Multiple land uses and activities was prepared in accordance with the conditions of Zagros forests and based on Delphi technique. According to this, 11 incompatible land use or activities, including forest and range, wooded rangeland, rangeland, dry orchard, agroforestry, dry agriculture, restoration of plant ecosystem, picnics and campaigns, snow skating, rock climbing and environmental conservation, were identified and prioritized. In this regard, macro socio-economic and macro political factors of the country's natural resources were selected based on the sources of the document of the Perspective of the Islamic Republic of Iran at 1404, current rules of natural resources and general environmental policies of the country and using the Delphi technique. Based on the clustering model of the network analysis process, the priority of non-ecological factors was evaluated in terms of three criteria: economic, social and policy. In this model, the economic criterion is divided into two sub-criteria of employment and special benefit; the social criterion into four sub-criteria of local disputes, literacy rate, natural resource culture and current land uses; and the political criterion into three sub-criteria of conservation and restoration of plans, water and soil conservation and increased levels of underground aquifers; and reliance on domestic resources in the development of the country. Weighting the criteria and sub-criteria were also done by pairwise comparison based on nine numeric method. Results: Results showed that the highest priority was allocated to three tourism activities, including picnics and campaigns, snow skating and rock climbing respectively, and the lowest priority was allocated to rangeland and wooded rangeland respectively. The land uses including plant restoration, dry orchard, forest and range, environmental conservation, dry agriculture and agroforestry, were ranked from fourth to ninth priorities, respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that, by proper use of the ANP approach which has an important ability in the network analysis of socio-economic and policy factors with numerous crossed-correlation; it can be prioritize incompatible Multiple uses of forest correctly.

Rural and nomads communities are among the main users of forest products and services. This research was done for understanding the different type of woody uses and their quantification in forest of Khorramabad city, Lorestan province. In this research, the human community consisted of all people of Cheshmeh-Ali village and nomads living in the customary land area of the village. Local livelihoods are dependent on traditional livestock husbandry, agriculture, gardening, as well as forest products. The methodology of the research was ethnography, which is done with semi-structured and non-structured interviews, participatory observation, meter and diameter tape tools. The result of woody uses was classified into five categories: furniture and handicraft, construction, agriculture, energy, and livestock uses. The results showed that each rural household uses 24.4 cubic meters of wood annually. Usage of wood as a source of energy included 99% of annual consumption of the rural household. In addition, each nomad household in six month accommodation in the area consumed 11.04 cubic meters of wood. Use of wood as a source of energy included 95% of it. This research demonstrates that the large volume of wood uses as fuel and source of energy. Therefore, natural gas distribution in the area and promoting renewable energy sources such as solar power reduce the use of forest wood fuel.

Background: The bagging (BG) and random forest (RF) are famous supervised statistical learning methods based on classification and regression trees. The BG and RF can deal with different types of responses such as categorical, continuous, etc. There are curves, time series, functional data, or observations that are related to each other based on their domain in many statistical applications. The RF methods are extended to some cases for functional data as covariates or responses in many pieces of literature. Among them, random-splitting is used to summarize the functional data to the Multiple related summary statistics such as average, etc. Methods: This research article extends this method and introduces the mixed data BG (MD-BG) and RF (MD-RF) algorithm for Multiple functional and non-functional, or mixed and hybrid data, covariates and it calculates the variable importance plot (VIP) for each covariate. Results: The main differences between MD-BG and MD-RF are in choosing the covariates that in the first, all covariates remain in the model but the second uses a random sample of covariates.   The MD-RF helps to unmask the most important parts of functional covariates and the most important non-functional covariates. Conclusions: We apply our methods on the two datasets of DTI and Tecator and compare their performances for continuous and categorical responses with the developed R package (“RSRF”) in the GitHub.

Wildfire is one of the most important destruction factors in forest and pastures. In forest and pasture ecosystems, soil mesofauna used as a bioindicator for environmental changes and management. The aim of this project was to address wildfire and land uses (forest and pasture) effects on soil mesofauna arthropods community in Badreh in Ilam province. For this purpose, soil sampling performed in two depths of soil surface (0-5 cm) and subsurface (5-20 cm) layers in wildfire occurrence and no occurrence of wildfire (control) conditions in 2015. In each land use, three plots (50 × 50 m) and five points from each plot was randomly taken from topsoil and subsoil depths (the total number of samples 60). Both forest and pasture land use found 3360 samples of different kinds of Phylum Arthropoda. The maximum soil mesofauna community belonged to pasture land use (control) by 30. 67% while the minimum soil mesofauna community belonged to this land use (wildfire occurrence) by 14. 35% as well as soil mites community abundance compared to insects community in forest was more than in pasture. According to results, Wildfire and soil depth affected significantly (α = 0. 01) on Mesostigmata, Collembola, Oribatida and Staphylinidae abundance. forest and pasture land use had no effect on Mesostigmata significantly, while this factor showed significantly (p < 0. 01) on all mesofauna community. Generally, wildfire had negative effect on soil mesofauna abundance in different land uses.

Soil erosion is one of the major worldwide environmental challenges and its related destructive effects cannot be ignored at both inside and outside of a region. Splash and transport of soil particles by raindrops are the initiating mechanisms of water erosion. The objective of this research was to investigate temporal variations of splash erosion in different slopes and land uses using a rainfall simulator. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replicates. The experimental treatments were consist of slope at two levels (5 and 15%), duration of rainfall at four levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 minute) and different land uses (forest and agriculture).The results indicated that amount of splash increased with increasing rainfall duration. The amount of splash erosion of the 20-min rainfall duration was 2.08, 1.76 and 1.08 times more than of 5, 10 and 15-min, respectively. The average soil loss by splash erosion in agricultual and forest land uses was 29.37 and 25.56g.m-2, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that as slope increased from 5 to 15% the amount of splash erosion increased 11%. In general, at all rainfall durations, splash erosion increased significantly with changes in slope steepness (from 5 to 15%) and land use from forest to agriculture, but there was no significant difference between the15 and 20-min rainfall durations.